INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLES

One unifying characteristic of all individuals and groups who are characterized as refugees is their identity as a moving entity and that the aim of their movement is to escape danger. This notion of space becomes crucial when one examines the plight of the internally displaced peoples (IDPs). Like refugees, IDPs are fleeing danger in search of an area in which they will be better protected. They may be threatened by persecution based upon one of the five grounds enshrined in the RC. On the other hand they may be escaping civil war, internal disturbances, and/or generalized violence. They may also be leaving an area due to devastation wrought by natural or man-made disasters, development projects, or government-sponsored relocation schemes. The main differentiating factor between an IDP and a refugee is that an IDP has not crossed an international border. An IDP is not outside the country of his nationality or outside the country of his former habitual residence.
Given that IDPs remain within the territory of the country of their nationality or country of habitual residence, it may be assumed that they will receive assistance and protection from their national government; and that a state will protect the rights and freedoms of all those individuals and groups within its jurisdiction. For a state or an international organization, such as the UNHCR, to enter the territory of another state without invitation, in an attempt to protect individuals therein, is likely to be interpreted by the putative state as a violation of their political and territorial sovereignty.
However, it is no coincidence that often the government in question does not protect them, as they are obliged to do so under international law. Due to their association with a particular group, religion, ethnicity, nationality and so forth, IDPs are often viewed by the State as a threat. Ultimately, the reasons for their displacement are, more often than not, the same reasons that lead to refugee flight.
"Refugee-like situations."
The UNHCR restricts its understanding of IDPs to those in refugee-like situations, where refugee is understood according to the definition enshrined in Article 1A of the RC. However, the 1992 Report of the UN Secretary General identifies IDPs as: persons who have been forced to flee their homes suddenly or unexpectedly in large numbers, as a result of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights or natural or man-made disasters, and who are within the territory of their own country.
There are several limitations inherent within this definition. First of all, individuals are not necessarily fleeing suddenly or unexpectedly nor are they necessarily fleeing in large numbers. Likewise, many are not forced to flee per se, but rather are expelled, such as the Bosnian Muslims. Consequently, Francis Deng, UN Special Representative of the UNSG on IDPs, suggests that the term internally displaced be replaced by the term forcibly moved.
As with refugees, there must be a determination of when IDP status ceases to be applicable. Just as no one wants to remain a refugee forever, presumably no one wants to be an IDP forever. That being said, Deng alleges that many IDPs prefer to remain as such rather than seek refugee status, given the increasing difficulties involved in acquiring such status. Nevertheless, the question of when an IDP ought no longer to be considered displaced is pertinent. The common assumption, and the one that parallels the logic behind voluntary repatriation, is that once an individual voluntarily returns home, they are no longer considered to be an IDP. However, there are both push and pull factors involved in repatriation efforts, and the notion of voluntariness alone cannot bring about a cessation of protection.
Perhaps a more appropriate suggestion is that an individual is no longer internally displaced when they have resettled locally or when the conditions that caused their displacement have changed in a significant manner, so that the reasons for the initial displacement no longer exist. Local resettlement and a change of circumstances must be evaluated in terms of how able the person is to sustain themselves and how able the state is to offer protection.
International Protection of IDPs
It is only since the 1980s that IDPs have been a significant matter of concern for the international community. There continues to be no international body mandated to protect IDPs. The International Committee of the Red Cross [ICRC] has, hitherto fulfilled this role, but only within the context of actual armed conflicts.
In addition, IDPs are protected within the framework of international human rights instruments and their supervisory bodies. However, these bodies are limited in their enforcement capabilities and individuals are only able to make claims under those treaties to which the state in which they are residing is party. Furthermore, the majority of human right principles are subject to derogation in times of national emergency or during internal disturbances. It is precisely in such times of insecurity that people are forcibly moved. Additionally, IHRL and treaty bodies are state-centric to the extent that it is only states that can be held accountable under these treaties. Movement that is coerced by non-state actors will remain outside the scope of their jurisdiction unless it can be proven that the state was unwilling to afford protection.
In an effort to offer better protection to IDPs and in recognition of this growing area of concern, the UNSG, in 1992, appointed Francis Deng as the Special Representative on IDPs. Six years later, in 1998, Deng presented the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. These identify the specific needs of IDPs and the specific obligations upon states and non-state actors towards these populations. While not binding in law, the Guiding Principles have gained significant recognition within the UN, among states and NGOs, and within regional bodies.
UNHCR and IDPs
As a result of the lack of an international organization mandated to protect and assist IDPs, much of the responsibility has fallen to the UNHCR. Although UNHCRs Statute makes no reference to IDPs, Article 9 recognizes that the High Commissioner may engage in such activitiesas the General Assembly may determine, within the limits of the resources placed at his disposal. The last part of this clause is important. There are many who feel that saddling an already over-burdened and under-financed UNHCR with more responsibilities will result in the denigration of the protection of refugees. Likewise, if the UNHCR is involved to a great extent with IDP populations, its activities may be construed as obviating the need for international protection and asylum. Those developed states that are desperately seeking to reduce the number of asylum-seekers who arrive at their borders may take UNHCRs involvement as a sign that refugee flows ought to be stopped at the source and refugees made to stay in their country-of-origin where they may seek UNHCR assistance. Similarly, with the increasing references made to an IFA as a basis for denial of refugee status, if the UNHCR is heavily involved in providing protection in a given area of a particular state, the asylum state may interpret this area to represent a viable IFA and deny an asylum-seeker on that basis.
Despite these misgivings, there can be no doubt that efforts aimed at better protecting and assisting IDPs must be pursued. At present, international response is patchy at best and wholly inadequate at worst. Deng and Cohen, in their book Masses in Flight, make a plea for a better division of labour among the various UN agencies and NGOs so that efforts aimed to address the needs of IDPs are more targeted. (Deng & Cohen 1998)

WHO IS A REFUGEE?
A refugee is someone who has been forced to leave their country because they are unable to live in their home or they fear they will be harmed. This can be due to a number of reasons, including fighting or natural disasters, like earthquakes and floods.
People may also be under threat due to their "religion, race, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion" (1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees).
In many cases, a person's own government will no longer protect them so he or she is no longer safe and needs to seek protection elsewhere.
Refugees lose everything when they are forced to leave their homes, belongings, family and country.

WHO IS AN INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSON (IDP)?
An internally displaced person is someone who has been forced to leave their home often for the same reasons as a refugee, however, IDPs find another part of their own country to live in. This is usually in makeshift camps where hundreds of other IDPs live because they have nowhere else to go.

Sometimes IDPs ask to become refugees in another country because their own country will no longer protect them.

Who decides who is a refugee?
People who are threatened in their own countries can apply to another government for protection. They are called asylum seekers. This government decides using its own laws whether the asylum seeker's life is seriously at risk in their home country.
It is very difficult for an asylum seeker to be allowed to stay in a safe country. Sometimes they are turned away at the border because they do not have the right papers, like identification or travel documents. If they are allowed into a country, they must apply for refugee status within a certain length of time or they will be forced to return to their home country.
Sometimes there is a "mass exodus" - when lots of people are forced to leave their country or region at the same time. When this happens, another country is faced with the prospect of large groups seeking refuge in their country.

What happens to a refugee when they arrive in a new country?
Many refugees have left behind a life of pain and suffering. They can no longer live in their homeland and have to make a new home in a strange, new country. It can be very difficult for them. A lot of refugees cannot speak the language of their new country, have very little possessions, cannot get a job in the role they are used to (because their qualifications are not the same) and do not know anyone.
At the same time they have to deal with bad memories of past experiences.

Life is still not easy. Refugees are often treated as outsiders. Lack of money and culture shock awaits most refugees in addition to the hardship of having to build a new life in a foreign land through no fault of their own.

Obituary: Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein was president of Iraq from 1979 until 2003
During more than two decades as leader of Iraq, Saddam Hussein's violent methods and uncompromising stance thrust his country onto the world stage.
Saddam Hussein's road to absolute power began in Tikrit, central Iraq, where he was born in 1937.

His stepfather beat him as a child, introducing him to the brutality and bullying which would mark his own life.

Joining up with the clandestine Baath party in 1956, he participated in a failed attempt to assassinate military ruler General Abdul Karim Qassem.

In a country where politics was always a violent game, his talents took him swiftly to the top.


Saddam Hussein (left) with General al-Bakr (centre)

Saddam was forced to flee Iraq in 1959 and spent four years in exile in Cairo.

Back in Iraq, he rose through the party ranks. When it finally seized power from Abdul Rahman Mohammed Aref in 1968, Saddam Hussein emerged as the number two figure behind Gen Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr.

Now the power behind the throne, he took over when Bakr was quietly shunted aside in July 1979 and began the reign of terror that was to keep him in power for so long.

Saddam Hussein took the posts of prime minister, chairman of the Revolution Command Council and armed forces commander-in-chief.

Within a year, he launched Iraq into a massive and risky adventure.

Iran-Iraq conflict

Seeing himself as the new leader and champion of all Arabs, Saddam Hussein poured his army across the border into western Iran in September 1980, hoping to defuse a potential threat from the new Islamic revolution.

The disastrous war lasted eight years and claimed a million lives.


The president strengthened Iraq's military capability

The US quietly backed him, ignoring Iraq's human rights record and atrocities like the killing of 148 people in the mostly Shia town of Dujail after a failed assassination attempt against him in July 1982, and the gassing of 5,000 Kurdish villagers of Halabja in March 1988.

After the ceasefire with Iran that August, Saddam Hussein's constant striving for regional supremacy intensified.

His experts produced special long-range missiles and pursued ambitious nuclear, biological and chemical weapons programmes.

Invasion

But war with Iran had crippled the Iraqi economy and the Iraqi leader desperately needed to increase his oil revenues.

In August 1990, he accused Kuwait of driving the price of oil down, invaded and annexed the emirate.


1991: Kuwait's oilfields ablaze

Weeks of US-led bombing, during what Saddam Hussein had famously described as the "Mother of All Battles", reduced Iraq's infrastructure to ruins, and wrought havoc among front-line troops.

Operation Desert Storm, the subsequent ground assault in January 1991 to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait left thousands of Iraqi soldiers dead, wounded or captured.

Retreating troops set fire to the country's oil wells, turning day to night and precipitating a vast ecological disaster.

Kurds flee

But this time, the Iraqi president's blunders did lead to consequences at home. Encouraged by the first US President George Bush to rise up, the Shia of southern Iraq revolted.

But the Western powers did nothing, as Saddam Hussein ruthlessly restored his grip on the south.


Tide of humanity: Kurdish refugees

In the north, he attacked the rebellious Kurds. Millions fled into the freezing mountains and the West was forced to impose a "safe haven", maintained by a constant air umbrella, over the area.

The following year, the Western powers imposed a no-fly zone in the south, to give some sort of protection to the Shia.

To add to his humiliations, after his ejection from Kuwait, the Iraqi leader was forced to agree to the elimination of all his weapons of mass destruction by the UN.

'Regime change'

Stringent international sanctions remained in full force in the years after the Gulf War, causing a near-collapse of the Iraqi currency and leading to infighting in the power structure.


The first Gulf War destroyed much of Iraq's infrastructure

His two sons-in-law defected, but both were murdered after being persuaded to return to Iraq.

President George W Bush's election in 2000 increased the pressure. Washington now talked openly of "regime change".

And, following the 11 September 2001 attacks on Washington and New York, the US named Iraq a "rogue state".

UN weapons inspectors returned to Iraq in November 2002 and resumed their search. Iraq destroyed a number of missiles and said it had neutralised its stocks of anthrax.

HAVE YOUR SAY
As an Iranian, I hated Saddam for what he did to my country. But, as a human being, I feel sorry for him

Farhad Assar, Edinburgh


Send us your comments
Mr Bush remained suspicious, claiming that the Iraqi leader was building and hiding weapons to dominate the Middle East and intimidate the civilised world.

Chief UN weapons inspector Hans Blix reported that Iraq had accelerated its co-operation and there was no evidence of a new weapons programme, but the US and UK declared the diplomatic process over.

Coalition forces invaded Iraq in March 2003, despite not securing a new UN resolution authorising such action.

Saddam Hussein's reign was brought to a violent end and he disappeared after the fall of Baghdad on 9 April, becoming the US military's most wanted fugitive in Iraq.

Captured

His two sons, Uday and Qusay, were killed by US troops in a raid on a house near Mosul, northern Iraq, on 22 July.


The US said Saddam Hussein offered no resistance

And in December 2003, US officials announced that the former president had been captured near Tikrit.

While world leaders and many Iraqis welcomed the capture, there were angry protests in towns throughout the Iraqi area known as the Sunni Triangle.

Saddam Hussein was transferred to the Iraqi authorities on 30 June 2004 following the handover of sovereignty to Prime Minister Iyad Allawi's interim government. His trial opened in Baghdad the next day.

Trial

Saddam Hussein was defiant. He challenged the legality of the proceedings, which he said were brought about by the "invasion forces", and refused to sign the charge sheet without his lawyers present.


Saddam Hussein was filmed on a visit to the town of Dujail in 1982
In July 2005, the tribunal laid the first charges against Saddam Hussein and seven other former regime members for crimes against humanity in Dujail.

The case was chosen by prosecutors because they believed it would be the easiest to compile and prosecute.

Saddam Hussein pleaded not guilty when his trial opened in Baghdad on 19 October, 2005.

His co-defendants included Barzan al-Tikriti, Saddam Hussein's half-brother and former head of Iraq's intelligence service and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, former Revolutionary Court chief judge.

All three were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court on 5 November 2006 after a year-long trial.

The former president was executed 56 days after the death sentence was passed, after Iraq's highest court rejected an appeal on 25 December.

Saddam Hussein's rule was characterised by a mixture of megalomania and paranoia. His monuments were everywhere.

He even had Nebuchadnezzar's palace rebuilt, with his own name printed on the bricks.

Scared for his own security, he slept in a different place every night and used up to eight doubles.

Beneath the surface, his power was wielded through the armed forces and a complex web of intelligence organisations.

Though he failed in his ambition of unifying the Arabs under his leadership, Saddam Hussein remained, even after being put on trial, defiant as ever.

PROPOSAL FOR CAPACITY BUILDING OF WOMEN

PROJECT TITLE:

CAPACITY BUILDING OF NYARURAMBI KWEYAMBA WOMEN GROUP (NKWG) P.O RUKIGA COUNTY
KABALE DISTRICT.



PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR CAPACITY BUILDING OF NYARURAMBI KWEYAMBA WOMEN GROUP (NKWG)







LOCATION: NYARURAMBI TRADING CENTRE KABALE DISTRICT.


DURATION: 4 YEARS (2007-2010)



PROJECT COST/BUDGET: 50,000.000= (fifty million Uganda shillings)




3RD NOVEMBER 2006



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Nyarurambi Kweyamba Women Group (NKWG) will be located in Nyarurambi Parish, Mparo Sub-County, Rukiga County in Kabale District. The project will last two years 2007-2010. The implementing organization is NAADS the contact office is at Mparo Sub-County.
Nyarurambi Kweyamba Women Group (NKWG) is initiated in this area by the author in 2007 with skills obtained from Makerere University.
It is assumed that Uganda in general, and the project area in particular have been enjoying peace and stability during the period of project implementation. In addition, it is assumed that some of the fruits of the structural adjustment programme such as increased agricultural produce prices will be felt by grass root women producers at the farm-gate. This will be assisted by the roads improvement programme executed by the Local Government Development project (LGDP) as well as the government and other donors.
The project design will emphasize issues of flexibility during implementation. Adjustments in design will include the incorporation of poverty eradication programmes, improved home programmes, the implementation of the revolving credit fund and the establishment of the liaison office in Kampala.
The project will take off with the entire grass root women of Nyarurambi Parish geographical area. They will be exposed to a variety of skills agriculture, bookkeeping and financial management, loan acquisition and servicing crafts, zero grazing, retail shop management, mushroom growing, pottery, poultry, piggery and adult literacy skills.
The skills realized from NKWG will be extended to other women groups in the neighboring parishes to empower them also in their day-to-day activities. The income realized from the improved services will facilitate women to realize quality of life in their families and even assist their husbands to uphold their children in school and pursue further education.
The local contribution to the project will be land on which the project activities will be carried out. About 100 acres of land are projected for this purpose.
A total funding of 50,000.000=Ugandan shilling (fifty million shillings only). This money is required to purchase the inputs to this project.


Definition of capacity building
Capacity building is a priority issue within development planning and refers to the development of sustainable skills, organizational structures, resources and commitment towards improvement in income and quality of life. Capacity building activities are integral to developing and improving the quality and effectiveness of organizational services.

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
Nyarurambi Kweyamba Women Group (NKWG) is a grassroot project established by a group of women residing at that time at Nyarurambi Parish in Rukiga County, Kabale District in western Uganda. This is a mountainous area with rich agricultural soils. The climate presents a bimodal rainfall pattern with the possibility of two growing seasons during the calendar year. The average annual rainfall ranges from 800 to 1 500 mm depending on the year and the ecological zone at the latitude -1.1644444, longitude 30.0588889 and with a population of about 3000 people.
This project was conceived through needs assessment survey (NAS), because of women’s outcry for poverty eradication through local government capacity building programmes at all levels of community development. Women have been marginalized for many years hence this project is inline with the government aims of liberating women from their current situation of hopelessness to that of empowered women through programmes like “boona bagagawale” (let all be rich initiative). This project will impact heavily on socio-economic, political and psychological life of women in the study area in particular and Uganda in general. To lead a productive life in order to participate in poverty reduction and general well being, women must acquire life skills in development strategies by effectively managing their income generating activities. To do this, they need external help in training, supporting, coordinating and stabilizing their capacities (empowerment).

The project is intended to bring together in partnership social institutions like Makerere University, Private Sector, business Consultants, the Government, NGOs, multinationals and experts in poverty reduction like RevConsults.

PROJECT STATEMENT
In Nyarurambi, there is a big number of people badly hit by high levels of poverty and illiteracy. The people badly affected persons are women and girls between the ages of 14-40 years. There is a general low standard of living amongst the entire community. The communication networks in this area are poor more especially the road networks connecting the villages to the trunk roads. There is a high rate of alcohol drinking more especially local gin (enguli) which take most of the valuable time of most of the village dwellers especially men and young boys. Gambling and other games of chance make the day for most the youth both female and male.
NKWG is being set to tackle some of these serious social problems in order to raise the standards of living in this parish and transform the community through capacity building initiatives.

PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE
Despite development efforts put in place by the current government in Uganda, poverty is growing both in absolute and relative terms. There are an increasing number of households living below the poverty line, and the disparities between these and other households is increasing. One of the few development strategies that have been shown to sustain impact upon the poor is that of capacity building. The provision of skills in developmental issues to the disadvantaged is very vital to liberate them out of their situation. Capacity building interventions have been shown to be particularly effective when targeted at women. This is because women tend to be more “responsible” in terms of their management of the household income and also because the benefits of women’s investments tend to accrue more often to the most marginalized and vulnerable members of the household.
Therefore this project aims at addressing poverty problems in this parish and transform the community into citizen with high standards of living with improved economic activities as well as literacy skills thus self reliant (empowerment). It is expected that many grass root women will acquire a variety of skills necessary.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The project is in line with the objectives of Human Strategies for Human Rights (HSHR) which is a United States based non profit organization that provides grassroots NGOs with on-site organizational capacity building, personnel empowerment training and strategic guidance in the promotion and protection of human rights and through online human rights mentoring. Most of HSHR's work is targeted towards NGOs that work on women's political and economic empowerment and legal literacy. HSHR's working principles are to strengthen local groups by serving as a listener, provide guidance in critical thinking and offer technical and professional skills training that is tailored to the local environment within which each NGO works. HSHR's capacity building focuses on two key areas - sustainable organizational development and strengthening the NGO's thematic area of human rights work, for example women and micro enterprise development.
This project is also in line with International Center for Research on Women’ s (ICRW) mission, which is to improve the lives of women in poverty, advance women's equality and human rights, and contribute to the broader economic and social well-being. ICRW accomplishes this, in partnership with others, through research, capacity building, and advocacy on issues affecting women's economic, health, and social status in low- and middle-income countries.
Also in line with the project is the project of Women’s Funding Network (WFN) which was founded in 1985 and located in the United States, the Women's Funding Network is an international partnership of more than 90 women and girls' funds and philanthropic organizations. Committed to changing society by improving the status of women and girls locally, nationally, and internationally, Women's Funding Network works to strengthen and empower member funds.
Women of Uganda Network’s (WOUGNET) mission which is to promote and support the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by women and women organisations in Uganda, so that they can take advantage of the opportunities presented by ICTs in order to effectively address national and local problems of sustainable development. The new ICTs, in particular, email and the Internet facilitate communication with each other and the international community. Indeed, access to information about best practices, appropriate technologies, ideas and problems of other groups working on similar concerns have been identified as critical information and communication needs of women organisations in Africa.

The project is also in agreement with Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA, 2000) which puts emphasis on the participation of women in community activities that include leadership, development, civic education, agriculture, literacy and so on.

The local government Act 1996 is also in line with this project. The Act stipulates that women must occupy 30% of all positions of the Local Council structure while people with disabilities occupy 20% of these positions (male and female). This also is supported by the views of women advocates who argue that women’s political participation is promoted as long as they remain within the political status quo (Tamale 2001, Nabacwa 2002). They go ahead to say by allowing women to participate in political activities, it contributes significantly to their level of capacity to develop.

PROJECT GOAL
The goal for Nyarurambi Kweyamba Women Group (NKWG) is to provide capacity building skills to grass root women living in the administrative boundaries of Nyarurambi Parish.

PROJECT VISION
Nyarurambi Kweyamba Women Group (NKWG) envisions a knowledgeable community of women, trained, equipped with a range of skills and capable of influencing and making decisions at various levels of development.

NKWG'S OBJECTIVES ARE:
 To develop and promote entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, among the NKWG membership.
 To promote the acquisition of technical skills and technology among women members of NKWG.
 To provide credit facilities to the members of NKWG.
 To improve the access, and utilization of information to women members of NKWG
 To develop and improve the management capability of the Group’s Secretariat

NKWG ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
The following activities will be undertaken during the project period 2007-2010
• Advertise the post of Project manager and the assistant
• Open a project office in Nyarurambi Parish
• Set up the project committee
• Conduct sensitization seminar for the women of the project area
• Employ two casual labourers
• Equipping women with skills and knowledge in entrepreneurship.
• Equipping members with technical skills.
• Provide women members with credit facilities.
• Providing women with improved information
• To improve the management capacity of the Secretariat
• Build the capacity of Community Based Organisations and Grant making support, as and to when available.
• Form NKWG Development Fund Partnership
• General monitoring
• Evaluation of the project
• Reporting





WORK PLAN 2007-2010
ACTIVITY IN CHARGE TIME TARGET INPUTS
i Employ two casual labourers Personnel assistant 1 month labourers Labour
ii Advertising the posts Personnel assistant 1 month Manager and assistant Personnel
iii Opening office NKWG executive 1 week Project office
iv Setting up project committee NKWG Executive 1 month Project committee Stakeholders
v Sensitization seminars Project Facilitators 1 month Women Facilitators
vi Equipping women with skills Project personnel 2 months Women Facilitators
vii Provide women with credit facilities NKWG Accountants 1 month Beneficiaries Credit schemes
viii Provide women with improved information Project Facilitators 3 months Target group Experts
ix To improve the management capacity of the Secretariat Experts 2 months Members of management Experts
x Build capacity of donors Project facilitators 3 weeks Funders Workshops
xi Form devt partnership Project coordinator 7 months Agencies Seminars
xii General monitoring All stakeholders On going Personnel Personnel
xiii Evaluation of the project Project committee 1 month Personnel and stakeholders Personnel / funds
xiv Reporting External auditors 3 weeks Personnel Stationery





IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
The project is estimated to last four years 2007-2010. The table below illustrates the different activities involved during the project life.
2007 2008 2008 2010
ACITIVITY
Employ two casual labourers xxxxxxxxx
Advertising the posts xxxxxxxxxx
Opening office xxxxxxxxx
Setting up project committee xxxxxxxxxx
Sensitization seminars xxxxxxxxx
Equipping women with skills xxxxxxxxx
Provide women with credit facilities xxxxxxxx
Provide women with improved information xxxxxxxxxx
To improve the management capacity of the Secretariat xxxxxxxxx
Build capacity of donors xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
Form devt partnership xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx
General monitoring xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
Evaluation of the project xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx
Reporting xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx








FINANCIAL PLAN
 Government agencies contribution 15,000,000=
 Donor agencies 20, 000,000=
 Well-wishers 10,000,000=
 Fundraising 5,000,000=
Grand total 50,000,000=

NKWG DEVELOPMENT FUND PARTNERSHIP GRANT
The aim of NKWG Development Fund Partnership Grant is to: -
• To build the capacity, support and encourage grass root indigenous women groups working in communities to grow.
• To share, empower and pass on beliefs, in the strengthening of women in Nyarurambi in particular and Uganda in general to set their own agendas and develop their own solutions.
• To share roles and become partners in a joint effort, towards a better world, for the grassroots women.
• Reach out to and provide resources to smaller groups, who have limited knowledge and access to grant support opportunities.
NKWG DEVELOPMENT FUND PARTNERSHIP WILL WORK IN FOUR AREAS:
• Women's skill empowerment
• Economic empowerment
• Technological empowerment
• Modern agriculture and farming activities.

BENEFITS AND BENEFICIARIES
The beneficiaries of this project will be grass root women within Nyarurambi geographical boundary. They will be exposed to a variety of skills related to building their capacity in order to live a reasonable life. These beneficiaries will be grouped into subgroups to carry out different activities so as to exploit the comparative advantages the project will provide.

TARGET GROUP
a) Grassroot women.
b) School dropouts will be considered in the near future.


MONITORING AND EVALUATION
The periodical report will be written and submitted to the donor to enable the monitoring of the progressive implementation of the project as well as the evaluation of performance of the project and give remedial advice if necessary.
The project evaluation will be done to cross check the project’s performance and achievements, particularly in relation to project beneficiaries and assess the project impact on the development and social well-being of the Nyarurambi grass root women. Also evaluation will be carried out to examine the sustainability of project activities in terms of cost- effectiveness, community participation, cost sharing and recovery after a given period of time.
In addition to traditional methods of evaluation, the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodologies to carry out a Participatory Evaluation (PE) will be applied. The PE was will be conducted in the whole parish villages in the project area to ascertain the beneficiaries opinions and perceptions on project interventions, participation, and sustainability.

APPRECIATION
The Project implementation will start 2007 and is expected to have gained momentum by 2008 and significant impacts are expected at this stage. The project impacts are expected to be as the result of project interventions, since there are other programmes funded by the government, as well as other donors and NGOs in the project area. Furthermore, the impacts are expected to be brought about by the prevalence of peace and by macro-economic adjustments, particularly on development of markets and increases in agricultural produce, are more significant than those to which the project will contribute.
Notwithstanding the above factors, the project impacts are expected on the following fronts.
(a) Agricultural Support
This component is expected to be effective in carrying out its mandate and creating an impact on the target population. Adaptive trials and demonstrations are expected to be effectively undertaken, and therefore the demonstrative impacts on women farmers will be virtually positive while improved seed and plant materials are expected to be effectively propagated in sufficient quantities to have a measurable impact on local women farms. The extension services are expected to reach women farmers with the help of NAADS programme through NKWG.
(b) Access Roads
NKWG anticipates, the impact of access tracks on community services and marketing to be favourable. Beneficiaries are expected to benefit from local trade, with more traders coming in, produce buyers renting shops for storage purposes, agricultural produce prices increased significantly.
(c) Revolving Credit Fund
Disbursements of credit from project resources is expected to commence as soon as the project starts operating and is expected to yield considerable positive impacts on the grass root women. In social terms, this cohesive women group will be exercising regular savings and conducting regular meetings are established and trained conducted by the project’s cooperative Department.
(d) Coordination & Management
The overall project management is expected to be satisfactory. This is simply because the secretariat expects to bring all stakeholders on board trough regular interaction of all members in both implementation and evaluation of the project activities.

PROJECT SUSTAINABILTY
The NKWG project will be supervised regularly to ensure that it is kept on the right track. The beneficiaries will be highly involved so that they become part and parcel f the project so that they become owners of the project rather than being mere beneficiaries.

REPORTING
NKWG project will prepare and present a progressive report at each stage of the project development. This report will consist of the progress and setbacks of the project.
The final report will consist among other items of the sincere evaluation of the entire project taking into consideration the importance of the project on the life of the people in Nyarurambi Parish.

Compensatory social control

Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliances to the rules of society. Social control is present in all societies, if only in the control mechanisms used to prevent the establishment of chaos or absence of standards or values (Toby, 1957).
Social Control Theory proposes that people's relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law. Thus, if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into, and have a stake in their wider community, they will voluntarily limit their propensity to commit deviant acts. The theory seeks to understand the ways in which it is possible to reduce the likelihood of criminality developing in individuals (Reiss, 1951).
Compensatory social control involves the payment of debt from the offender to the victim where offenders are obliged to compensate victims for the damage or any other harm that they have suffered. Hence the usefulness of this style is that once compensation has been paid the conflict is settled and the affected parties reconcile.
Compensatory liability usually features a connection between an act and some harmful outcome rather than the mental state that produces the act. In compensatory social control liability usually comes from the external relationship between an offence and a responsible party rather than the mental sate of mind of an offender. The usefulness of this is that consideration of motivation usually helps in repairing the damage from the harmful act. From the out going point of view, harm rather than guilt is essential for compensatory liability whereby the basic issue is not who is responsible for some injury but who will pay for it.
The compensatory damages are not rather expiatory but are used as a way of restoring the disrupted situation to its normal state hence a very crucial point in human reactions.
The nature of harm involved in a compensatory style of social control, puts into consideration compensation rather than punishment is more likely to damage material rather than moral sentiments. Whenever harm can be characterized as damaging the material rather than normative interests compensatory styles are likely to emerge. However sometimes it is difficult to prove that the organization committed some crime that involves intention, it is far easier to show what has resulted from the organizational action hence compensatory systems are useful and highly suitable to redress damages.
Moreso the predictors of compensatory styles are useful in that there is collective responsibility for the conduct of any individual where grievances arise at the intermediate rational distance when higher status offenders harm lower status victims.
As per relational distance between the parties involved in influences whether harm translates into provision compensation, compensation is likely to occur between either extremely close or distant. The usefulness of this is that the relational distance between the parties involved determines amount of compensation.
However, this is friendly to closely related offenders and unfriendly to offenders at greater distances who sometimes end up parting with heavy compensations to their victims.
Group ties are also another element of compensatory styles of social control. Here the usefulness of this style is that compensation is likely to occur when there are enough ties between the parties involved. The distance between the disputants here is always so close that obligations between each other are not questionable. The importance of this is that conciliation predominates the style but in case of maximal relational distance, the involvement of third parties becomes very crucial.
As per the point of hierarchy in compensatory style, the monetary compensation is not likely to exchange hands because the high ranking victims may refuse compensation and therefore opt for punishment of the offenders.
Finally the presence of compensatory styles is related to the nature of organizations. Again here collective liability is central in compensating the victims. The usefulness of this is that all members of the group are liable for providing compensation to someone who has been victimized by one of the group members. This is useful in that the risks are spread across many people and minimize costs to any particular member.
Conclusively, compensation is a holistic setting more emphasis in repairing of the disrupted relationship and restoration of harmony in society. However compensation is not moralistic style of social control because it can end up weakening normative system of social groups because offenders who commit offences intentionally and unintentionally are treated alike.
REFERENCES
Reiss, Albert J. (1951). “Delinquency as the failure of personal and social control”. American Sociological Review 16 (April): 196-207.
Toby, Jackson. (1957). "Social Disorganization and Stake in Conformity". J. Crim Law & Criminology 48:12-17.

Compensatory social control

Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliances to the rules of society. Social control is present in all societies, if only in the control mechanisms used to prevent the establishment of chaos or absence of standards or values (Toby, 1957).
Social Control Theory proposes that people's relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law. Thus, if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into, and have a stake in their wider community, they will voluntarily limit their propensity to commit deviant acts. The theory seeks to understand the ways in which it is possible to reduce the likelihood of criminality developing in individuals (Reiss, 1951).
Compensatory social control involves the payment of debt from the offender to the victim where offenders are obliged to compensate victims for the damage or any other harm that they have suffered. Hence the usefulness of this style is that once compensation has been paid the conflict is settled and the affected parties reconcile.
Compensatory liability usually features a connection between an act and some harmful outcome rather than the mental state that produces the act. In compensatory social control liability usually comes from the external relationship between an offence and a responsible party rather than the mental sate of mind of an offender. The usefulness of this is that consideration of motivation usually helps in repairing the damage from the harmful act. From the out going point of view, harm rather than guilt is essential for compensatory liability whereby the basic issue is not who is responsible for some injury but who will pay for it.
The compensatory damages are not rather expiatory but are used as a way of restoring the disrupted situation to its normal state hence a very crucial point in human reactions.
The nature of harm involved in a compensatory style of social control, puts into consideration compensation rather than punishment is more likely to damage material rather than moral sentiments. Whenever harm can be characterized as damaging the material rather than normative interests compensatory styles are likely to emerge. However sometimes it is difficult to prove that the organization committed some crime that involves intention, it is far easier to show what has resulted from the organizational action hence compensatory systems are useful and highly suitable to redress damages.
Moreso the predictors of compensatory styles are useful in that there is collective responsibility for the conduct of any individual where grievances arise at the intermediate rational distance when higher status offenders harm lower status victims.
As per relational distance between the parties involved in influences whether harm translates into provision compensation, compensation is likely to occur between either extremely close or distant. The usefulness of this is that the relational distance between the parties involved determines amount of compensation.
However, this is friendly to closely related offenders and unfriendly to offenders at greater distances who sometimes end up parting with heavy compensations to their victims.
Group ties are also another element of compensatory styles of social control. Here the usefulness of this style is that compensation is likely to occur when there are enough ties between the parties involved. The distance between the disputants here is always so close that obligations between each other are not questionable. The importance of this is that conciliation predominates the style but in case of maximal relational distance, the involvement of third parties becomes very crucial.
As per the point of hierarchy in compensatory style, the monetary compensation is not likely to exchange hands because the high ranking victims may refuse compensation and therefore opt for punishment of the offenders.
Finally the presence of compensatory styles is related to the nature of organizations. Again here collective liability is central in compensating the victims. The usefulness of this is that all members of the group are liable for providing compensation to someone who has been victimized by one of the group members. This is useful in that the risks are spread across many people and minimize costs to any particular member.
Conclusively, compensation is a holistic setting more emphasis in repairing of the disrupted relationship and restoration of harmony in society. However compensation is not moralistic style of social control because it can end up weakening normative system of social groups because offenders who commit offences intentionally and unintentionally are treated alike.
REFERENCES
Reiss, Albert J. (1951). “Delinquency as the failure of personal and social control”. American Sociological Review 16 (April): 196-207.
Toby, Jackson. (1957). "Social Disorganization and Stake in Conformity". J. Crim Law & Criminology 48:12-17.

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY COUNCIL 2007-2010

The new University Council for 2006 to 2010 is now fully constituted. Mr.
Matthew Rukikaire (Government Appointee) was elected Chairperson while Mrs.
Christine Kiganda (Council Appointee) was elected Vice-Chairperson.
The rest of the members are as follows:
1. Prof. Livingstone S. Luboobi Vice-Chancellor
2. Dr. L. Tibatemwa Ekirikubinza DVC (Academic Affairs)
3. Prof. David Bakibinga DVC (Finance & Admin)
4. Eng Dr. David Turahi Rep. Ministry of ICT
5. Mrs. Shifra Lukwago Rep. District Council
6. Mr. Bruce B. Kabaasa Rep. Convocation
7. Prof. Venansius Baryamureeba Rep. Academic Staff
8. Dr. J. B. Nyakaana Rep. Academic Staff
9. Mr. Alfred Masikye Namoah Rep. Admin Staff
10. Mr. Chrysostom Tweyambe Rep. Support Staff
11. Mr.Gerald Karuhanga Rep. Students
12. Ms. Christine Akello Rep. Students
13. Hon. Steven Kavuma Government Appointee
14. Mr. Stephen Maloba Government Appointee
15. Mrs. Passy Washeba Rep. Ministry of Finance
16. Mr. P. Mugenyi Apuuli Rep. Staff with Disabilities
17. Dr. Charles Wana Etyem Council Appointee
18. Dr. William Muhairwe Council Appointee
19. Dr. Edward Kirumira Rep. Senate
20. Dr. J. Nambi Rep. Senate
21. Dr. Nassali Lukwago Rep. Ministry of Education
22. Mr. J. C. Ninsiima Rep. NUDIPU
23. Mr. Sam Akorimo Univ. Sec/Secretary to Council

PAFRECONSULT LTD

PAFRECONSULT LTD