THE PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
BOOK REVIEW (SWORDS INTO PLOWSHARES) THE PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Introduction
Inis.L.Claude remains a classic text writer on international organizations and provides excellent historical backgrounds and theoretical rationale to the challenges and general activities of such organizations; it discusses the nature and systems of international organizations in the pessimism optimism approaches in paving way to international peace. Claude confesses that one of his favorite items in that collection is Swords into Plowshares. The Problems and Progress of International Organization. Claude received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. He has taught at Harvard, the University of Delaware, and the University of Michigan along with the University of Virginia. The following is a review of his book “the problems progress of international organisations”
Book over view
Claude in his book he talks about the basic assumptions of international organizations and the nature of international organizations, in this he assesses the historical background of contemporary international organizations, constitutional problems of international organizational organizations, approaches to peace through international organizations and the future of world order. The author explains that the process of international organizations is a significant feature of the dynamic pattern of international relations in the current trend. He stresses that World affairs move in many directions at once, one of the most persistent trends of the last century and particularly of the last generation has been movement towards international relations. The author explains that the creation of multi national institutions has become a standard response of states men and people for purposes of both intensely realistic and highly idealistic to challenging problems and terrible dangers of international life in era of increasing interdependency. In this he stresses that the international present state of international organizations, representing an attempt to adapt' the institutions, procedures, and rules of international relationship to the conditions of international interdependence, is far from satisfactory given the inequalities that lie in the phenomenological flow of aspects. How ever, this does not mean that organisations are not in place or functioning but the question remains to what extent have they gone in solving the world’s problems.
Therefore having identified the gap the theoretical approach which has always been neglected in line with political theory stand as guiding yardsticks to the integration of international relations and other development aspects in the world.
Therefore, concisely the problem of building effective international organizations is ultimately the problem of building a world community. He explains that this task involves more than devising foolproof of legal structures mechanical devices; it involves working on the underlying factors which shape international politics-the loyalties, values, prejudices, fears, hopes, and expectations of human beings in the world.
Claude in his book the nature of international organisations in respect to their objectives and purpose they portray dualistic characteristics. From the viewpoint that international organizations are set within the context of the multi state system and accepts the sovereign state as the basic entity for world political life.
In another aspect, his book elaborates that international agencies are no so much interested in solving the recurring problems of poor states but rather to promote the development of more advanced states. Thus, international organization has created strange bedfellows, supporters whose conceptions of the actual and proper nature of international agencies are at variance.
International organisations assume that men and governments in the era of multistage systems are bond by inexorable laws in the system. The argument and conclusions of the self-realist’s scholars (Fredrick and shuman) come with divergent views in regard to this aspect where they predict inevitable crash among men divided into states under such system. Therefore, in reject of this doctrinaire determinism theorists of international organisations rebut both the pessimistic conclusion of the power politicians and the apocalyptic visions in world governments. Therefore, he notes that international governments have been built on consciously or not on upon the assumption that nations are not prisoners of destiny but reasonably free agents.
In this aspect, he concludes by saying that certainly there is no guarantee that international organization will be successful. It is easy to exaggerate the progress that has been made; supporters of international organization are often tempted to take too seriously the ostensible gains that exist only on paper the fine words of constitutional documents, the noble sentiments of United Nations resolutions. However, it is equally easy-and perilous-to adopt a pessimism which refuses to recognize the advances that have been made and denies the hypothesis that a meaningful opportunity exists for gradual taming of power, harmonizing of interests, and building of allegiance to the ideal of a world fit for human life.
The development of international organisations is a phenomenon of multistage system, which relate to the existence of objective facts or conditions where the state must be developed into independent states that which function in independent political entities with respective guiding aspects. Another aspect is that states must develop an awareness of the problem, which arise out of their coexistence and on this basis come to recognize the need for the creation of institutional devises and systematic methods for regulating their relationship with each other. Also development of the facts of division and interdependency in the external world. These modems were a yardstick to the birth of the modern international organisations, on a procession of a series of congresses where diplomacy by conference became an established fact of the time in the nineteenth century. These included congress of Vienna (1815), the congress of 1878 and 1884-85 and the Paris (1856), London conference of 1871, and the 1912-13. the quadruple alliance (1815) was as a result of multilateral and high level political conferences where diplomacy and the traditional technique to conduct international affairs was basically a bilateral phenomenon.
The author notes that the conference system did not inaugurate rule of law or enact a state as an overseer instead it was a system of de facto great power harmony. However, the conference system contributed more to the awareness of the problems of international collaboration than to their solutions and more to opening of possibilities to multilateral diplomacy than to realizing them, but produced a prototype of the executive council of great powers and this prompted the Hague system. This system was leading towards universality, though the inclusion of small sates rendered them independence and there was friction that they could not handle the status of being diplomats. This was later followed by a series of conferences meant to solving various problems and wars would erupt from the system. It should be noted that the earlier organisations left their legacy to the modern current ones but the question remains whether the traditional organisations did not pave way to problems than preventing them.
The author stresses that the 19th century facilitated a lot of invention in the era of international organizations development, where we witness the League of Nations, which was initiated by the special committee established by the Paris peace conference in 1919. The League of Nations was to incorporate the legal definition of authority and terms of reference, institutional continuity regularity of sessions and balanced composition of great and small power representatives. It may also be regarded as the rationalization, focalization and consolidation of previous organizational developments. Despite this it saw the trends of world war 1 as the result of various interests of various states in various aspects. Despite the initiation of the league, the retention of the old traditions in the new system was a major weakness, which later significantly contributed to other ambiguities in the process though the considered problems such as wars were regarded as every body’s business and security of nations with common interests was a priority on the agenda. The point therefore is that was intended to introduce radical changes in the operation of multstate systems, rather than accomplish or even replace such a system.
The inclusion of war in the effort to protect some privileges of great powers and small powers led to the success and fall of other countries, in the wake of wars to end wars the role of international organisations with vivid objectives was another point destiny, where their effectiveness would bring to end a valid number of problems. Therefore, past problems from the league were passed on to the united nations for better and efficient solutions. In this aspect, the United Nations was regarded as the revised version of the league and it attempted to correct the mistakes of its predecessor and strengthen the systems with in the organization. However, the United Nations never rectified the previous predicament it simply took them on. In this arena there grew a quandary of hypocrisy, the argue for superiority and kind of rhetorical camouflage in the pursuit of national goals among other aspects that saw the rugged flow of aspects in the arena. As the result of created United Nations, various aspects were born and the world had to accept it the way it was. With different intentions the active, non active, superior and non superior all were waiting for the benefits of what has been created despite their not being sure of whether they would be positive or not but united nations had to thrive and survive.
The author stresses that in the international organisations, in this regard, the former consisted of internal matters related to management and functioning of the organization where as the later consisted of the external aspects that needed solutions. In this aspect, the membership norm was of great controversy since genuine differences concerning the constitutional merit of principles governing membership policy are subtly mixed with competing claims based upon calculations of political advantage.
The author talks about the problem of regionalism where he explains the theory of regionalism and says that the aspect of regionalism is sometimes put forward as globalism a principle substitute of universalism. The theories compounds that emphasis is placed on the size or bigness and heterogeneity of the world wide and the conclusion is drawn that only with in limited segments of the globe can we find the cultural foundation of common loyalties, the objective of similarity of national problems and awareness of potential awareness of common interests which are effective functioning of multinational institutions. Therefore with this approach it’s very hard to solve particular problems of certain members and the would have been members since the world is so vast.
In international organisations, United Nations remains a complex system in supervision purposes of multinational agencies. Therefore, the problem lies in defining relationships, delimiting jurisdiction, allocating functions and distributing powers to solve the global difficulties. In the wake of this, idiomatic perspective a legal document in the perspective of answering various questions was put in place as a charter to help interpret some situations in the organisations operations and gives certain powers to certain organs like the international court of justice as the principle judicial organ of the united nations. In regard of all its activities, the stretching of the charter through undisciplined political interpretation is a poor way to increase the psychological readiness of states to make significant decisions to international agencies.
The author talks about the problem of international secretariat where by the quagmire lies in the fact that the gap lies in adequate secretariat and in developing potentialities of unique institutional which are among the basic constitutional issues that govern international organisations. There are many weaknesses that lie in patterns of administrative structures and structures and procedure in international field or public service. Also bureaucratic efficiency remains another challenge in the administrative system of the system as the result of its size and its diverse human resource pause a threat to efficiency and also geographical distribution of posts where Europeans predominantly occupy most of the significant positions at the secretariat. Equitable geographical distribution of recruits remain another challenge in this aspect both top officials and junior officials. Another challenge in the international organisations of the time remains administrative efficiency, which is complicated by the quantitative administrative functions, which the secretariat must be equipped to perform. Another problem the United Nations hold is the bulk of printed work among others.
The author stresses that truthfully, with the presence of the United Nations the world states should not be at war with each other, there fore strategies to prevention of wars must be dwelled on the causes of war with an assumption that war can be prevented using the approach of pacific settlement of disputes. In some aspects war has been seen as away of settling disputes as quoted by Cicero who says that “since there are two methods of settling differences the one by argument and the other by force and since the former is a characteristic of men, the latter of beasts we should have recourse to second only when it is not permitted to use the first”. In analysis of his perspective he portrays the fact that war is inevitable but there should be efforts to prevent it since its very costly, destructive and source of misery. Therefore the pacific approach has always come in with various modes to solve conflicts between countries.
Collective security has always been used in international organizations to settle disputes among countries. To the scholars analysis the hope of international organizations to establish a collective security system has a been a key issue. How ever collective security is not a means to peace so as pacific settlement but aspects that competes in portraying the best aspects of time. In this aspect the scholar he states the theory of collective security and asserts that collective security depends less heavily than pacific settlement upon the precise accuracy of a set of assumptions about the nature and causes of war, the theory also assumes that not all wars have the same causes. Therefore in applicability of collective security in all perspectives wars aught to be prevented irrespective of the intentions of the agitators of such wars and this aspect bodies like United Nations Security Council, the miscalled collective security NATO instead a portray of selective security meant to protect the interest of the selected un like the collective security meant for all. However the idea of collective security has been largely ravaged by theoretical applicability than practical deeds in the wake of global problems and has been in a way manipulated to suit interests of certain criterion of aspects.
In the wake of international organizations quest for peace the modern world has adopted the terminology of disarmament in regard to control, limitation and reduction of human and material instrumentalities of warfare as well as their literal abolition. For explicit purposes the author elaborates the disarmament theory, where by the disarmament appears as an appealing direct and simple means to peace. Where the pacific settlement process to leave states with nothing to fight about and collective security proposes to confront aggressors with too much to fight against disarmament proposes to deprive nations of anything to fight with. The theory purports to eliminate war in the most straightforward way conceivable by eliminating the means by which it is possible to wage war. The theory concedes on the causes of the war and dwells on political subordination to the aspect, though the trivial remains in the phenomenon that it confuses germs, and symptoms causes and effects, means and ends. Misunderstandings and political mischievousness lie in the aspect in the bid to protect various interests of certain situations. With the policies guidelines put in place by the United Nations organizations despite the loopholes the agenda holds significant values to world peace stabilization.
Another mode of ensuring peace by the international organizations reflect preventive diplomacy, though seemingly anew innovation but it’s a reflection of collective security, peaceful settlement and disarmament protocols. Preventive diplomacy a peace initiative as born to hammarskjold in relation to how the united nations can be made directly relevant to the crucial struggle between the east and west. In his explanation of this context he explains in relation to United Nations interventions in an area of conflict outside of, or marginal to, the sphere dominated by cold war struggles designed to forestall the competitive intrusion of rival power blocs into that area. In his analysis he looks at power struggles among nations and the applicability diplomacy to minimize the risk he sites the Lebanese crisis of 1958 which led t the creation of the united nations observation group in Lebanon (UNOGIL), the middle eastern and Congo crisises of 1956 and 1960 and the later cases were the most inspiring to the initiation of concept. The establishment of the United Nations therefore was to pave way or plan for dealing with international dangerous disputes, modify forms of pacific settlement techniques and forge way to suit in to situation of conflict areas.
In the effort to promote peace world over the international organization, the grand debate approach remain another aspect of concern and remains appoint of linkage to pacific settlement, collective security disarmament and preventive diplomacy. Therefore the utility of international speech making is very hard to evaluate with confidence. Decisions are through debates with in league of assembly or general assembly where basic principles and policies are tabled. In this phenomenon the grand debate, the situation has yielded prohibition of aggressive warfare, avoidance of forcible intervention except under extreme provocation, respect for a minimum standard of human rights, recognition of the legitimacy of aspiration for self and economic development. Despite the reinstatements, the gaps remain in the fact that decisions taken take written form than the practical form. There fore international organizations in fostering collective bargain for peace of the world remain a core aspect, though this does not place the grand debate as a panacea. Therefore debate alone will not eliminate disorder, but human experience suggests that the kind of order for which descent men yearn cannot be established and maintained except by means, which involve the process of deliberation.
Another approach to peace by the international organizations is the trusteeship way as an all-inclusive symbol of movement to utilize them as an instrument for modification, transformation or elimination of colonization. This aspect is guided by the trusteeship theory, which bases on the assumption that colonization is one of the responsible factors to war in the modern world, hence trusteeship is justified in terms of the general war prevention among international organizations. The norm however is deeply rooted in the European culture where by the establishment of the mandate system by the league of actions marked the beginning of effective systematic intrusion into the workings of colonialism with it empiric systems. However in the United Nations, the trusteeship concept was projected was somewhat a reproduction of mandate system as the systems almost operated in the same manner.
Another approach to peace was the functional mode, which assumes that international organization is that part of the mass organized international activities which relate directly to economic, social, technical and humanitarian matters that may be tentatively described as non political, and the approach is elaborated by the functionalism theory. This theory is essentially an assertion and defense of preposition that the development economic and social corporation is a major prerequisite of ultimate solution of political conflicts and elimination of war. The functional theory therefore rests upon a very complex of the nature and causes of war and suggests ways and modes of maintenance of peace.
The quest world peace in the international organizations systems, paves way to world of governments and world order, whereby the unified world free from anarchy is an imagination of poetic analogical expression given the interests and ambitions of players in the system. Since the world war II, the concept of one world in the arena of international organizational development realized on paper, rare in practicality and dominance in various aspects taking lead of the situation. In this, strict theory offers a distinctive approach to the central problem of peace and security and recognizes war as a natural, and unavoidable phenomenon of the mult-state system, therefore the modern man does not call for perpetual removal of the system but rather proposes to recognize its inherent defectiveness and taking steps to dismantle architectural trends of the current globe. On analyzing the various approaches of peace, international organizations work with states systems in bid to remove anarchy in the world. In this, there is a strong tendency of assumption among proponents that world federalism is possible because it’s believed to be necessary. Therefore world federalism suffers from the social contract theory where nations transform anarchy into social order. In all these assessments in the wake of a multitude of approaches in the operations of international governments systems, the rejection of the aspect that a world government is a theoretical idea, neither is it a practically attainable approach to attainance of world peace.
World federalists and champions of international organizations are aware that the world needs approaches of techniques as well as institutions capable of paving to world peace and resources that are to keep the world at a pace. The world requires governments that have efficient and effective systems capable of performing in dependent and independent states. In this analysis therefore the instrumentalities appropriate to the solutions of the world’s problems does not lie in structures that look like governments, or act like governments, sound like governments. The progress of international organizations have been of great importance in search planning and instituting world peace. The creation of institutional innovations as the general international organizations, the international secretariat, the international conference of parliamentary type, the institutional field commission for investigation and supervision, the preventive diplomacy force, the international technical mission, the multi national defense systems of the NATO type among others signifies the importance of international organization in the assurance and maintenance of world peace among others. The prospect of international organizations therefore, lies in the fact that the tough reality of national divisions of world society that seeks solutions to world problems through various significant approaches.
Conclusion
In this book the writer is keen enough to note key aspects of international organizations to pave way for world peace through various approaches and systems. Reviewing the history and origin of international organizations and their new trends gives one an insight that world peace is not aspect to attain at an equal pace but and a road to creation of the subordinates and insubordinates parties in the system.
Introduction
Inis.L.Claude remains a classic text writer on international organizations and provides excellent historical backgrounds and theoretical rationale to the challenges and general activities of such organizations; it discusses the nature and systems of international organizations in the pessimism optimism approaches in paving way to international peace. Claude confesses that one of his favorite items in that collection is Swords into Plowshares. The Problems and Progress of International Organization. Claude received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. He has taught at Harvard, the University of Delaware, and the University of Michigan along with the University of Virginia. The following is a review of his book “the problems progress of international organisations”
Book over view
Claude in his book he talks about the basic assumptions of international organizations and the nature of international organizations, in this he assesses the historical background of contemporary international organizations, constitutional problems of international organizational organizations, approaches to peace through international organizations and the future of world order. The author explains that the process of international organizations is a significant feature of the dynamic pattern of international relations in the current trend. He stresses that World affairs move in many directions at once, one of the most persistent trends of the last century and particularly of the last generation has been movement towards international relations. The author explains that the creation of multi national institutions has become a standard response of states men and people for purposes of both intensely realistic and highly idealistic to challenging problems and terrible dangers of international life in era of increasing interdependency. In this he stresses that the international present state of international organizations, representing an attempt to adapt' the institutions, procedures, and rules of international relationship to the conditions of international interdependence, is far from satisfactory given the inequalities that lie in the phenomenological flow of aspects. How ever, this does not mean that organisations are not in place or functioning but the question remains to what extent have they gone in solving the world’s problems.
Therefore having identified the gap the theoretical approach which has always been neglected in line with political theory stand as guiding yardsticks to the integration of international relations and other development aspects in the world.
Therefore, concisely the problem of building effective international organizations is ultimately the problem of building a world community. He explains that this task involves more than devising foolproof of legal structures mechanical devices; it involves working on the underlying factors which shape international politics-the loyalties, values, prejudices, fears, hopes, and expectations of human beings in the world.
Claude in his book the nature of international organisations in respect to their objectives and purpose they portray dualistic characteristics. From the viewpoint that international organizations are set within the context of the multi state system and accepts the sovereign state as the basic entity for world political life.
In another aspect, his book elaborates that international agencies are no so much interested in solving the recurring problems of poor states but rather to promote the development of more advanced states. Thus, international organization has created strange bedfellows, supporters whose conceptions of the actual and proper nature of international agencies are at variance.
International organisations assume that men and governments in the era of multistage systems are bond by inexorable laws in the system. The argument and conclusions of the self-realist’s scholars (Fredrick and shuman) come with divergent views in regard to this aspect where they predict inevitable crash among men divided into states under such system. Therefore, in reject of this doctrinaire determinism theorists of international organisations rebut both the pessimistic conclusion of the power politicians and the apocalyptic visions in world governments. Therefore, he notes that international governments have been built on consciously or not on upon the assumption that nations are not prisoners of destiny but reasonably free agents.
In this aspect, he concludes by saying that certainly there is no guarantee that international organization will be successful. It is easy to exaggerate the progress that has been made; supporters of international organization are often tempted to take too seriously the ostensible gains that exist only on paper the fine words of constitutional documents, the noble sentiments of United Nations resolutions. However, it is equally easy-and perilous-to adopt a pessimism which refuses to recognize the advances that have been made and denies the hypothesis that a meaningful opportunity exists for gradual taming of power, harmonizing of interests, and building of allegiance to the ideal of a world fit for human life.
The development of international organisations is a phenomenon of multistage system, which relate to the existence of objective facts or conditions where the state must be developed into independent states that which function in independent political entities with respective guiding aspects. Another aspect is that states must develop an awareness of the problem, which arise out of their coexistence and on this basis come to recognize the need for the creation of institutional devises and systematic methods for regulating their relationship with each other. Also development of the facts of division and interdependency in the external world. These modems were a yardstick to the birth of the modern international organisations, on a procession of a series of congresses where diplomacy by conference became an established fact of the time in the nineteenth century. These included congress of Vienna (1815), the congress of 1878 and 1884-85 and the Paris (1856), London conference of 1871, and the 1912-13. the quadruple alliance (1815) was as a result of multilateral and high level political conferences where diplomacy and the traditional technique to conduct international affairs was basically a bilateral phenomenon.
The author notes that the conference system did not inaugurate rule of law or enact a state as an overseer instead it was a system of de facto great power harmony. However, the conference system contributed more to the awareness of the problems of international collaboration than to their solutions and more to opening of possibilities to multilateral diplomacy than to realizing them, but produced a prototype of the executive council of great powers and this prompted the Hague system. This system was leading towards universality, though the inclusion of small sates rendered them independence and there was friction that they could not handle the status of being diplomats. This was later followed by a series of conferences meant to solving various problems and wars would erupt from the system. It should be noted that the earlier organisations left their legacy to the modern current ones but the question remains whether the traditional organisations did not pave way to problems than preventing them.
The author stresses that the 19th century facilitated a lot of invention in the era of international organizations development, where we witness the League of Nations, which was initiated by the special committee established by the Paris peace conference in 1919. The League of Nations was to incorporate the legal definition of authority and terms of reference, institutional continuity regularity of sessions and balanced composition of great and small power representatives. It may also be regarded as the rationalization, focalization and consolidation of previous organizational developments. Despite this it saw the trends of world war 1 as the result of various interests of various states in various aspects. Despite the initiation of the league, the retention of the old traditions in the new system was a major weakness, which later significantly contributed to other ambiguities in the process though the considered problems such as wars were regarded as every body’s business and security of nations with common interests was a priority on the agenda. The point therefore is that was intended to introduce radical changes in the operation of multstate systems, rather than accomplish or even replace such a system.
The inclusion of war in the effort to protect some privileges of great powers and small powers led to the success and fall of other countries, in the wake of wars to end wars the role of international organisations with vivid objectives was another point destiny, where their effectiveness would bring to end a valid number of problems. Therefore, past problems from the league were passed on to the united nations for better and efficient solutions. In this aspect, the United Nations was regarded as the revised version of the league and it attempted to correct the mistakes of its predecessor and strengthen the systems with in the organization. However, the United Nations never rectified the previous predicament it simply took them on. In this arena there grew a quandary of hypocrisy, the argue for superiority and kind of rhetorical camouflage in the pursuit of national goals among other aspects that saw the rugged flow of aspects in the arena. As the result of created United Nations, various aspects were born and the world had to accept it the way it was. With different intentions the active, non active, superior and non superior all were waiting for the benefits of what has been created despite their not being sure of whether they would be positive or not but united nations had to thrive and survive.
The author stresses that in the international organisations, in this regard, the former consisted of internal matters related to management and functioning of the organization where as the later consisted of the external aspects that needed solutions. In this aspect, the membership norm was of great controversy since genuine differences concerning the constitutional merit of principles governing membership policy are subtly mixed with competing claims based upon calculations of political advantage.
The author talks about the problem of regionalism where he explains the theory of regionalism and says that the aspect of regionalism is sometimes put forward as globalism a principle substitute of universalism. The theories compounds that emphasis is placed on the size or bigness and heterogeneity of the world wide and the conclusion is drawn that only with in limited segments of the globe can we find the cultural foundation of common loyalties, the objective of similarity of national problems and awareness of potential awareness of common interests which are effective functioning of multinational institutions. Therefore with this approach it’s very hard to solve particular problems of certain members and the would have been members since the world is so vast.
In international organisations, United Nations remains a complex system in supervision purposes of multinational agencies. Therefore, the problem lies in defining relationships, delimiting jurisdiction, allocating functions and distributing powers to solve the global difficulties. In the wake of this, idiomatic perspective a legal document in the perspective of answering various questions was put in place as a charter to help interpret some situations in the organisations operations and gives certain powers to certain organs like the international court of justice as the principle judicial organ of the united nations. In regard of all its activities, the stretching of the charter through undisciplined political interpretation is a poor way to increase the psychological readiness of states to make significant decisions to international agencies.
The author talks about the problem of international secretariat where by the quagmire lies in the fact that the gap lies in adequate secretariat and in developing potentialities of unique institutional which are among the basic constitutional issues that govern international organisations. There are many weaknesses that lie in patterns of administrative structures and structures and procedure in international field or public service. Also bureaucratic efficiency remains another challenge in the administrative system of the system as the result of its size and its diverse human resource pause a threat to efficiency and also geographical distribution of posts where Europeans predominantly occupy most of the significant positions at the secretariat. Equitable geographical distribution of recruits remain another challenge in this aspect both top officials and junior officials. Another challenge in the international organisations of the time remains administrative efficiency, which is complicated by the quantitative administrative functions, which the secretariat must be equipped to perform. Another problem the United Nations hold is the bulk of printed work among others.
The author stresses that truthfully, with the presence of the United Nations the world states should not be at war with each other, there fore strategies to prevention of wars must be dwelled on the causes of war with an assumption that war can be prevented using the approach of pacific settlement of disputes. In some aspects war has been seen as away of settling disputes as quoted by Cicero who says that “since there are two methods of settling differences the one by argument and the other by force and since the former is a characteristic of men, the latter of beasts we should have recourse to second only when it is not permitted to use the first”. In analysis of his perspective he portrays the fact that war is inevitable but there should be efforts to prevent it since its very costly, destructive and source of misery. Therefore the pacific approach has always come in with various modes to solve conflicts between countries.
Collective security has always been used in international organizations to settle disputes among countries. To the scholars analysis the hope of international organizations to establish a collective security system has a been a key issue. How ever collective security is not a means to peace so as pacific settlement but aspects that competes in portraying the best aspects of time. In this aspect the scholar he states the theory of collective security and asserts that collective security depends less heavily than pacific settlement upon the precise accuracy of a set of assumptions about the nature and causes of war, the theory also assumes that not all wars have the same causes. Therefore in applicability of collective security in all perspectives wars aught to be prevented irrespective of the intentions of the agitators of such wars and this aspect bodies like United Nations Security Council, the miscalled collective security NATO instead a portray of selective security meant to protect the interest of the selected un like the collective security meant for all. However the idea of collective security has been largely ravaged by theoretical applicability than practical deeds in the wake of global problems and has been in a way manipulated to suit interests of certain criterion of aspects.
In the wake of international organizations quest for peace the modern world has adopted the terminology of disarmament in regard to control, limitation and reduction of human and material instrumentalities of warfare as well as their literal abolition. For explicit purposes the author elaborates the disarmament theory, where by the disarmament appears as an appealing direct and simple means to peace. Where the pacific settlement process to leave states with nothing to fight about and collective security proposes to confront aggressors with too much to fight against disarmament proposes to deprive nations of anything to fight with. The theory purports to eliminate war in the most straightforward way conceivable by eliminating the means by which it is possible to wage war. The theory concedes on the causes of the war and dwells on political subordination to the aspect, though the trivial remains in the phenomenon that it confuses germs, and symptoms causes and effects, means and ends. Misunderstandings and political mischievousness lie in the aspect in the bid to protect various interests of certain situations. With the policies guidelines put in place by the United Nations organizations despite the loopholes the agenda holds significant values to world peace stabilization.
Another mode of ensuring peace by the international organizations reflect preventive diplomacy, though seemingly anew innovation but it’s a reflection of collective security, peaceful settlement and disarmament protocols. Preventive diplomacy a peace initiative as born to hammarskjold in relation to how the united nations can be made directly relevant to the crucial struggle between the east and west. In his explanation of this context he explains in relation to United Nations interventions in an area of conflict outside of, or marginal to, the sphere dominated by cold war struggles designed to forestall the competitive intrusion of rival power blocs into that area. In his analysis he looks at power struggles among nations and the applicability diplomacy to minimize the risk he sites the Lebanese crisis of 1958 which led t the creation of the united nations observation group in Lebanon (UNOGIL), the middle eastern and Congo crisises of 1956 and 1960 and the later cases were the most inspiring to the initiation of concept. The establishment of the United Nations therefore was to pave way or plan for dealing with international dangerous disputes, modify forms of pacific settlement techniques and forge way to suit in to situation of conflict areas.
In the effort to promote peace world over the international organization, the grand debate approach remain another aspect of concern and remains appoint of linkage to pacific settlement, collective security disarmament and preventive diplomacy. Therefore the utility of international speech making is very hard to evaluate with confidence. Decisions are through debates with in league of assembly or general assembly where basic principles and policies are tabled. In this phenomenon the grand debate, the situation has yielded prohibition of aggressive warfare, avoidance of forcible intervention except under extreme provocation, respect for a minimum standard of human rights, recognition of the legitimacy of aspiration for self and economic development. Despite the reinstatements, the gaps remain in the fact that decisions taken take written form than the practical form. There fore international organizations in fostering collective bargain for peace of the world remain a core aspect, though this does not place the grand debate as a panacea. Therefore debate alone will not eliminate disorder, but human experience suggests that the kind of order for which descent men yearn cannot be established and maintained except by means, which involve the process of deliberation.
Another approach to peace by the international organizations is the trusteeship way as an all-inclusive symbol of movement to utilize them as an instrument for modification, transformation or elimination of colonization. This aspect is guided by the trusteeship theory, which bases on the assumption that colonization is one of the responsible factors to war in the modern world, hence trusteeship is justified in terms of the general war prevention among international organizations. The norm however is deeply rooted in the European culture where by the establishment of the mandate system by the league of actions marked the beginning of effective systematic intrusion into the workings of colonialism with it empiric systems. However in the United Nations, the trusteeship concept was projected was somewhat a reproduction of mandate system as the systems almost operated in the same manner.
Another approach to peace was the functional mode, which assumes that international organization is that part of the mass organized international activities which relate directly to economic, social, technical and humanitarian matters that may be tentatively described as non political, and the approach is elaborated by the functionalism theory. This theory is essentially an assertion and defense of preposition that the development economic and social corporation is a major prerequisite of ultimate solution of political conflicts and elimination of war. The functional theory therefore rests upon a very complex of the nature and causes of war and suggests ways and modes of maintenance of peace.
The quest world peace in the international organizations systems, paves way to world of governments and world order, whereby the unified world free from anarchy is an imagination of poetic analogical expression given the interests and ambitions of players in the system. Since the world war II, the concept of one world in the arena of international organizational development realized on paper, rare in practicality and dominance in various aspects taking lead of the situation. In this, strict theory offers a distinctive approach to the central problem of peace and security and recognizes war as a natural, and unavoidable phenomenon of the mult-state system, therefore the modern man does not call for perpetual removal of the system but rather proposes to recognize its inherent defectiveness and taking steps to dismantle architectural trends of the current globe. On analyzing the various approaches of peace, international organizations work with states systems in bid to remove anarchy in the world. In this, there is a strong tendency of assumption among proponents that world federalism is possible because it’s believed to be necessary. Therefore world federalism suffers from the social contract theory where nations transform anarchy into social order. In all these assessments in the wake of a multitude of approaches in the operations of international governments systems, the rejection of the aspect that a world government is a theoretical idea, neither is it a practically attainable approach to attainance of world peace.
World federalists and champions of international organizations are aware that the world needs approaches of techniques as well as institutions capable of paving to world peace and resources that are to keep the world at a pace. The world requires governments that have efficient and effective systems capable of performing in dependent and independent states. In this analysis therefore the instrumentalities appropriate to the solutions of the world’s problems does not lie in structures that look like governments, or act like governments, sound like governments. The progress of international organizations have been of great importance in search planning and instituting world peace. The creation of institutional innovations as the general international organizations, the international secretariat, the international conference of parliamentary type, the institutional field commission for investigation and supervision, the preventive diplomacy force, the international technical mission, the multi national defense systems of the NATO type among others signifies the importance of international organization in the assurance and maintenance of world peace among others. The prospect of international organizations therefore, lies in the fact that the tough reality of national divisions of world society that seeks solutions to world problems through various significant approaches.
Conclusion
In this book the writer is keen enough to note key aspects of international organizations to pave way for world peace through various approaches and systems. Reviewing the history and origin of international organizations and their new trends gives one an insight that world peace is not aspect to attain at an equal pace but and a road to creation of the subordinates and insubordinates parties in the system.
posted by mwesigye herbert at 7:38 AM
1 Comments:
Good review:
Read Claude's work together with Rosenau's Turbulence in World Politics; Mearsheimer's The False Promise of International Institutions; Mamdani's Good Muslim, Bad Muslim; and Oran Young's Governance in World Affairs - then cap these with Gerard Prunier's Africa's World War.
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